Eddy Joshua Walakira

• 2023-2027 Principal Investigator for the Learning Component for the Sustainable Market Inclusive Livelihood Pathways to Self-Reliance (SMILES) project supported by IKEA Foundation. The project is implemented by a consortium led by AVSI foundation. Makerere University is a consortium member. The project targets 14,000 extremely poor refugee and host community households in Kyaka II and Kyangwali refugee settlements and surrounding host communities and supports the beneficiaries to become resilient.
• 2020-2023 Lead researcher and project manager for the United States Agency for International Development Uganda’s Integrated Community Agriculture and Nutrition Activity (ICAN) for the Makerere Component on building capacity among University Graduate Interns. The ICAn project implemented in Uganda’s 8 districts sought to enhance the resilience of vulnerable households by 1) increasing economic opportunities for poor households, 2) improving nutrition, especially among women and children and 3) strengthening community and local governance. ABT Associates were the prime contractors for this project. 
• 2019-2022: Co Principal Investigator on the study: Promoting inclusion into decent work for youth in Uganda: Will reducing violence help? The study involves research and developing an intervention to eliminate violence against the youth, improve skills training and mitigate the consequences of early childhood violence against the youth. The study is funded by the Economic Research Council of UK and implemented by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical medicine and Makerere University. IRB Approval; #REC REF: 0112-2019.
• Principal Investigator on the study: Strengthening the effectiveness of national children’s care systems: A political analysis of Uganda. The study is being implemented by Makerere University and John Hopkins University. MUSS-2021-77 (SS900ES). NCST Approval: SS1064ES.
• 2016-2019: Co-Principal Investigator on the study: Effects of Household –Based Parenting Programme on Reintegration of Children into Family based Care in Uganda. The study measures the effectiveness of parenting program on the children re-integrated from child care institutions to family-based care. It is a randomised controlled trial. NCST approval: SS 4351. MUREC # REC REF 0503. Supported through USAID funding. USAID Cooperative Agreement #AID-OAA-A-14-00061. Catholic Relief Services and Westat and Makerere University. 2016-2019.
• 2020-2022 Principal Investigator and Team Leader: Study on overseas Labour Migration prevalence estimation in Uganda to Gulf Cooperation Countries. Implemented by Makerere University in Collaboration with International Consulting Firm with support from The Global Fund to End Modern Slavery. MAKSS REC_ MAKSSREC 06.21.481. UNCST approval: SS940ES.
• 2020-2022 Principal Investigator on the study: Uganda Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) Prevalence and Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Study. This is a longitudinal study. The study is being implemented by Makerere University in Collaboration with International Consulting Firm with support from The Global Fund to End Modern Slavery. MUSS REC –MUSS-2020-17. UNCST Ref.: SS724ES.
• 2022 Principal Investigator on the study: Payments in primary and secondary schools in implementing universal education programmes in Uganda: Forms, effects and accountability. MAKSSREC 12.21.521. NCST approval: SS1164ES. The study is being implemented by Makerere University and University of Agder.
• 2017 - Team leader and lead Investigator on the project - Pre-graduation assessment under the Sustainable Outcomes for Children and Youth (SOCY) project supported by USAID. The assessment comprised extensive collection of baseline quantitative data covering 27000 household heads in over 15 districts in Uganda. The data supports the implementation of the project and is being used as a benchmark to determine the impact of interventions on the supported households.
• 2015-2017 - International research grant (Co-Investigator): Deinstitutionalisation of Vulnerable Children in Uganda (Maestral and Oxford Policy Management 2015-2017). The project was completed and a report finalised.
• 2013-2015 - Principal Investigator - Evaluating a Community Based Approach to Elimination of violence against children in war affected areas (Evaluation Challenge Fund/Makerere University and War Child Holland 2013-2015).
• 2016 Lead Investigator Evaluation of the Youth Life Skills Training Program in Uganda (2016) funded by AVSI Foundation Uganda. The study was completed and report shared. A book volume scheduled for publication is being developed incorporating findings from this evaluation study. It is expected to be ready in 2019.
• 2016 Lead Investigator - Evaluation of the Parenting Skills Training (2016) funded by AVSI Foundation Uganda. The study was completed and report shared. A book volume is being developed incorporating findings from this evaluation study.  It is hoped that the volume will be ready in 2019.
• 2014 -2015. Project team leader and Principal Investigator – Strong Beginnings. Developing an alternative care model for children outside of the family care (2014-2015). The project was implemented by a consortium of partners. Makerere led the research component, development of the alternative care curriculum, project evaluation and learning component. The consortium was led by Child’s I Foundation. Other partners included Alternative Care Initiatives and ANPPCAN. It was supported by Terres des homes, Netherlands.
•  2014-2015 Lead Investigator, Research component –Longitudinal study of outcomes from an integrated response to eliminate child trafficking in Uganda. Consortium project, supported by Terres des homes.

Others - involved in different capacities as a researcher, manager or playing other roles:

1. 2019-2022: Co Principal Investigator. Global Research grant funded under the European Union in collaboration with over five European Universities. The grant examines social science contribution to prevention of infectious diseases and building health systems.
2. 2021-2026 NORHED II project Building Resilient Communities in Eastern Africa Project to support capacity building for delivery of Masters and PhD programmes including scholarships and research.
3. 2017-2022: Mfamily program. Program supported by the European Union under Erasmus Mundus Programme. We implement the Programme with three Universities in Europe.
4. 2017-2019: Professionalisation of Social Work in East Africa, through the APPEAR program with support from Austrian Government. The Programme engages over five Universities in East Africa and has culminated into launch of a Center for Social Work Research and Innovation, research and book publications
5. 2018-2019: Received grant from 4Children Consortium to support the National Council for Higher Education to embark on a process of auditing Social Work Curriculum in 17 Universities, studying the status of training of Social Workers. As a result of this work, I led the efforts towards development of Minimum Standards for Social Work Education in Uganda; and developed a Competencies Framework. 

5    SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

1. 1. Walakira E J., H P. M. Natukunda, J Byawaka, F Kato, N Manian, L Cluver, L Sherr, K Megazzini, L Lange, D Oliver (2024). Psychosocial Health Outcomes of Children Following FamilyReunification: Longitudinal Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trial Data. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02773-z
2. Walakira E. J, A. Nnyombi, J. T Ssenfuuma, A. Kyamulabi, F. Kato, H. PM Natukunda, L. Lange and D. Oliver (2022). A qualitative insight into children’s and care-givers’ experience following re-integration from Uganda’s residential care facilities into family based care. Global Studies of Childhood 1-15. sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI:10.1177/20436106221087297.
3. Kiss L., D. Fotheringhame, N. Kyegombe, A. McAlpine, L. Abilio, A. Kyamulabi, E. J. Walakira, K. Devries and C. Tanton (2022). Violence, abuse and exploitation among trafficked women and girls: A mixed‑methods study in Nigeria and Uganda.  BMC Public Health (2022) 22:794. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13021-2.
4. Walakira E.J., F. Matovu, A. Kyamulabi, R. Larok, A.B. Agaba, J.P. Nyeko, and R. Luwangula, (2021). Parenting Initiatives in Uganda: Learning from the Uzazi AVSI Parenting Model and Related Initiatives. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
5. Luwangula, R., Walakira, E. J., Larok, R., Matovu, F., Agaba, A. B., Kasalirwe, F., and Nyeko, J. P. (2021). Empowering Vulnerable Youth in Uganda: Learning from AVSI life skills program and selected actors. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
6. Nwabuzor O.I, L. A. Reed · E. J. Walakira, S. O. Wandera, L. N. Wasula (2021). National Estimates and Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Uganda Disaggregated by Age and Gender. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00334-w
7. Ojiambo, S.W, N. Mbona Tumwesigye, E.J. Walakira, P. Kisaakye and J. Wagman (2021). Alcohol use, intimate partner violence, and HIV sexual risk behavior among young people in fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10595-1
8. Walakira E.J., D. Kikulwe, R. Luwangula, M. Riley, B. Bukenya and I. Ddumba-Nyanzi (2017) System Strengthening to Improve Alternative Care for Neglected and Child Survivors of Violence in Uganda: Critical Areas for Consideration. In: Mafigiri D. K and Walakira J. E (Eds). Child abuse and neglect in Uganda: Vol. 6; Child maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy: Jill E. Korbin and Richard D. Krugman (Series Eds). Springer, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48535-5 http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319485348.
9. Walakira E.J., D. Kikulwe, R. Luwangula, D. Mafigiri, B. Bukenya (2017). Building research evidence and collaborative partnerships in Uganda to prevent and protect children against violence: Concerns and priorities for action. In: Mafigiri D. K and Walakira J. E (Eds). Child abuse and neglect in Uganda: Vol. 6; Child maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy: Jill E. Korbin and Richard D. Krugman (Series Eds). Springer, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48535-5 http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319485348.
10. Mafigiri D. K and Walakira J. E (Eds.). (2017). Child abuse and neglect in Uganda: Vol. 6; Child maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy: Jill E. Korbin and Richard D. Krugman (Series Eds). Springer, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48535-5 http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319485348. 
11. Huebl L., A. Nnyombi, E. Walakira and R Kutalek (2020). Yellow Fever Vaccine Safety Perception of Pregnant Women in Emergency Response Mass Vaccination in Uganda. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 103(1), 2020, pp. 160–163 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0439.
12. Natukunda H. P. M., P. Mubiri, L. D. Cluver, I. Ddumba-Nyanzi, B. Bukenya, and E. J. Walakira (2019). Which Factors Are Associated with Adolescent Reports of Experiencing Various Forms of Abuse at the Family Level in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda? Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1– 30, DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888526. Journals.sagepub.com/home/jiv. Date accessed: 15 December 2019.
13. Nankinga O, Kwagala B, Walakira EJ (2019). Maternal employment and child nutritional status in Uganda. PLoS ONE 14(12): e0226720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226720.
14. Devries K, J. Parkes2, L. Knight1*, E. Allen1, S. Namy, S. Datzberger, W. Nalukenge, L. Atuhaire, N. Kyegombe, E. Walakira, J. Seeley, H. A. Weiss and D. Naker (2019) Context of Violence in Adolescence Cohort (CoVAC) study: protocol for a mixed methods longitudinal study in Uganda. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7654-8.
15. Kiwanuka, A, L. Andersson, D. K. Mafigiri, and E. Walakira (2021). Impact of stigma on HIV treatment - seeking behavior among the youth living with HIV and AIDS in Sub – Saharan Africa: Critical Review Literature. HIV AIDS Rev 2021; 20, 2: 90-95 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar. 2021.107219.
16. Kiwanuka, A, L. Andersson, D. K. Mafigiri, and E. Walakira (2022). Barriers of HIV treatment – seeking behavior among youths living with HIV in Uganda: A Qualitative Study. HIV AIDS Rev 2022; 21, 1:43 49 DOI:  https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2022.112711
17. Kiwanuka, D. K. Mafigiri, and E. Walakira (2021). Experiences and ways people living with HIV and AIDS deal with their lives; (WKRO-02019-11-1401. R1) DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i4.15 African Health Sciences, Vol .21 Issue 4, December 2021.
18. Kasirye R, P. Bukuluki & E. J. Walakira (2022) Building resilience in survivors of sexual exploitation: the role of children in activities implemented by NGOs in Uganda. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies. An International Interdisciplinary Journal for Research, Policy and Care. DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2022.2072989.
19. Kasirye, R., P.l Bukuluki and E J Walakira. (2022). Risk Factors for Vulnerability towards Sexual Exploitation among Children: Narratives of Girl Survivors of Sexual Exploitation. EC PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY. 11(4): 01-14.
20. Knight, l., E. Allen, A. Mirembe, J. Nakuti, S. Namy, J. C. Child, J. Sturgess, N. Kyegombe, E. J. Walakira, D. Elbourne, D. Naker and K. M. Devries (2018). Implementation of the Good School Toolkit in Uganda: a quantitative process evaluation of a successful violence prevention program. BMC Public Health  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5462-1.
21. Kiwanuka A. E. Walakira and D. Kaawa-Mafigiri (2021). Experiences and ways PLWHA deal with their lives. Afri Health Sci. 2021;21(4):1615-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i4.15.
22. Nankinga O., B. Kwagala, C. Misinde and E.J. Walakira (2021). Childcare Arrangements and Wellbeing of Children of Employed Women in Central Uganda. Springer Nature. Child Indicators Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09861-w.
23. Mafigiri D. K and Walakira E.J (Eds). (2017). Child abuse and neglect in Uganda: Vol. 6; Child maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy: Jill E. Korbin and Richard D. Krugman (Series Eds). Springer, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48535-5 http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319485348. 
24. Kikulwe, D., Walakira, E.J., Ssebikindu, L., Ssebikindu J., Muhangi D., Matovu, F. (2017). Education for all: Reflections on the schooling status for the girl child in Uganda. In: Mafigiri D. K and Walakira E. J. (Eds). Child abuse and neglect in Uganda: Vol. 6; Child maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy: Jill E. Korbin and Richard D. Krugman (Series Eds). Springer, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48535-5 http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319485348.
25. Ojiambo W. S, K. Clarke, L. Knight, E. Allen, E. Walakira, S. Namy, D. N., K. Devries (2017). Violence against children perpetrated by peers: A cross-sectional school-based survey in Uganda. Child Abuse and Neglect. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.006
26. Kayiwa Joshua, K. Clarke, L. Knight, E. Allen, E. Walakira, S. Namy, K. G. Merrill, D. Naker, K. Devries (2017) Effect of the good school toolkit on school staff mental health, sense of job satisfaction and perceptions of school climate: Secondary analysis of a cluster randomised trial. Preventive Medicine. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.022
27. Kikulwe, D., Walakira, E.J., Ssebikindu, L., Ssebikindu J.,  Muhangi D., Matovu, F. (2017) Education for all: Reflections on the schooling status for the girl child in Uganda. In: Mafigiri D. K and Walakira J. E (Eds). (2017). Child abuse and neglect in Uganda: Vol. 6; Child maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy: Jill E. Korbin and Richard D. Krugman (Series Eds). Springer, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48535-5 http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319485348.
28. Kamya I. R., I. Ddumba Nyanzi, E. Walakira (2017). Perpetrators of or protectors against violence? Police officers in Uganda and their encounters with children in street situations. In: Mafigiri D. K and Walakira J. E (Eds). (2017). Child abuse and neglect in Uganda: Vol. 6; Child maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy: Jill E. Korbin and Richard D. Krugman (Series Eds). Springer, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48535-5 http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319485348.
29. Walakira, E.J, H.P. M. Natukunda, J. Byawaka, F. Kato, N. Manian, L.D Cluver, L. Sherr, K. Megazzini, L. Lange, and D. Oliver (forthcoming) Trajectories and predictors of psychosocial health outcomes among 6-13-year-old children following reunification from residential care facilities to family-based care in Uganda.
30. Devries, K. M *, N. Kyegombe, M. Zuurmond1, J. Parkes, J. C. Child1, E.J. Walakira and D. Naker4 (2015) Violence against primary school children with disabilities in Uganda: a cross-sectional study. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1017, BMC Public Health 2014 14:1017.
31. Walakira E. J., Ismail Nyanzi-Ddumba, S. Lishan and M. Baizerman (2014) ‘No Place is Safe: Violence Against and Among Street Children and Youth in Uganda. Vulnerable Child’ Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies: An interdisciplinary Journal for Research, Policy and Care, Doi: 10.1080/17450128.2014.934750
32. Walakira, E. J., Awich E.O., Bukuluki, P. & Sue A. (2014) ‘Residential care for abandoned children and their reintegration in family-based setting in Uganda. Lessons for policy and programming’. Infant Mental Health Journal, Vol. 00(00), 1–7 (2014) 2014 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health, DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21432
33. Walakira, E.J., Mafigiri, D., & Ddumba, I. (2014). ‘Well-Being of Children Affected by HIV and AIDS’. In Ben-Arieh, Asher. Casas, Ferra Frones, Ivar, and Korbin, Jill (eds.) Handbook of Child Well-Being: Theories, Methods and Policies in Global Perspective, Vol. 4. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 2355-2378
34. Christine, J. C, D. Naker, J. Horton, E.J. Walakira, K. Devries (2014) Responding to abuse: Children’s experiences of child protection in a central district, Uganda. Child Abuse and Neglect. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.06.009
35. Devries, K. M., E. Allen, J. C. Child, E. Walakira, J. Parkes, D. Elbourne, C. Watts, D. Naker (2013). The Good Schools Toolkit to prevent violence against children in Ugandan primary schools: Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013, 14:232 doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-232
36. Devries K. M., J. C. Child, E. Allen, E. Walakira, J. Parkes & D. Naker (2013) ‘School Violence, Mental Health, and Educational Performance in Uganda’ DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2007, Paediatrics
37. Bryson S, Walakira E. J., E. Darj (2012) Access to Health Care by Blind Persons. How are blind people reached by HIV services? Sexual and Reproductive Health Care 3:49-53
38. Winchester MS, J. W. McGrath, D. Kaawa- Mafigiri, F. Namutiibwa, G. Ssendegye, A. Nalwoga, E. Kyarikunda, J. Birungi, S. Kisakye, N. Ayebazibwe, E. Walakira, & C. Rwabukwali (2013). ‘Early HIV disclosure and nondisclosure among men and women on antiretroviral treatment in Uganda. AIDS Care: Psychological and medical aspects of HIV, DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2013.764386’ (link: http://dx.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.764386
39. McGrath JW, Winchester MS, Mafigiri D, Walakira E, Namutiibwa F, Birungi J, Ssendegye G, Nalwoga A, Kyarikunda E, Kisakye S, Ayebazibwe N, & Rwabukwali C (2013). ‘Challenging the Paradigm: Anthropological perspectives on HIV as a chronic disease’. Medical Anthropology (In Press).
40. Walakira, E. J. (2010) Justice on trial: Children and the law in Uganda, In Awortwi, N. and Okwany A. (eds) Issues in Social Development and Local Governance in Uganda. Pp.231-258. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing BV.
41. Walakira, E.J. (2010) Reflective learning in action research: A case of micro-interventions for HIV prevention among the youth in Kakira-Kabembe, Jinja-Uganda. Action Research, Volume 8(1): 53–70
42. Walakira E (2010) Interpretation of child labour in Uganda: A case of children’s work in fishing communities in Wakiso district. Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG
43. Bukuluki, Paul & E.J. Walakira (2008) ‘Questioning the link between poverty and vulnerability to HIV infection: Views of young people in Jinja District’, in Awortwi, Nicholas. & Charles Kanyesigye (eds) Aspects of social development in Uganda, pp. 53-75. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing BV
44. Walakira, Eddy Joshua, 2009, ‘Child labour in Uganda’, in Hugh D. Hindman (ed) The World of Child Labour: An Historical and Regional. pp. 284-287. New York: Me Sharpe, Inc.
45. Walakira Eddy J. (2009) ‘Children’s work among traditional healers in Africa’, in Hugh D. Hindman (ed) The World of Child Labour: An Historical and Regional Survey. pp. 187-190. New York: Me Sharpe, Inc.
46. Walakira, E.J. (2009) ‘Constructing child labour: Perspectives of traditional health workers [healers] and their working children’, in Kutalek, R. & A. Prinz (eds) Essays in Medical Anthropology. The Austrian Ethnomedical Society after 30 years, pp. 159-177. Wien/Berlin/London: Lit Verlag
47. Walakira Eddy Joshua, 2004, ‘Child labour in Uganda’s urban informal sector: The perceptions and work practices of employers’, Abuja Journal of Sociology, 2 (1): 67-80
48. Walakira, Eddy Joshua, 2002, ‘An investigation into Commercial Sex Exploitation of Children in Uganda’ Mawazo Journal, Vol .8: 46-55
49. Walakira, Eddy Joshua, 2006, ‘Worst forms of child labour in Uganda: An investigation into Commercial Sex Exploitation of the Girl Child’ in F. Ebila and F.K. Muhanguzi (eds) Women, Culture and Creativity, pp. 98-114. Kampala: Makerere University printer
50. Walakira Eddy Joshua, 2004, ‘Child labour in Uganda’s urban informal sector: The perceptions and work practices of employers’, Abuja Journal of Sociology, 2 (1): 67-80
51. Walakira, Eddy Joshua, 2002, ‘An investigation into Commercial Sex Exploitation of Children in Uganda’ Mawazo Journal, Vol .8: 46-55
52. Bukuluki, Paul, Rehal Satwinder, Eddy Walakira and Isaac Musaya, 2006, ‘Implications of research findings for policy development’ in Pertet, Anne M (ed), M, Rethinking research and intervention approaches that aim at preventing HIV infection among youth, pp 91-102. Nairobi: The Regal Press Kenya Ltd and Social Science and Medicine Africa Network (SOMA-net)
53. Bukuluki, Paul, Eddy Walakira and James Sengendo, 2006, ‘Caught in the fear of pregnancy and HIV: A dilemma for youth in Jinja, Uganda’, in Pertet Anne M (ed.) Rethinking research and intervention approaches that aim at preventing HIV infection among youth, pp 65-72. Nairobi: The Regal Press Kenya Ltd and Social Science and Medicine Africa Network (SOMA-net).
54. Bukuluki, Paul, Rehal Satwinder, Eddy Walakira and Isaac Musaya, 2006, ‘Implications of research findings for policy development’ in Pertet, Anne M (ed), M, Rethinking research and intervention approaches that aim at preventing HIV infection among youth, pp 91-102. Nairobi: The Regal Press Kenya Ltd and Social Science and Medicine Africa Network (SOMA-net)
55. Sengendo James, Eddy Walakira and Paul Bukuluki, 2006, ‘Participatory action methodologies and community dialogue as tools for HIV and AIDS prevention’, in Pertet Anne M (ed), Rethinking research and intervention approaches that aim at preventing HIV infection among youth, pp 17-21. Nairobi: The Regal Press Kenya Ltd and Social Science and Medicine Africa Network (SOMA-net)
56. Walakira, Eddy, Paul Bukuluki, and James Sengendo, 2006, ‘The untapped knowledge in condom promotion: A case of young people in Uganda’ in Pertet Anne M (ed.), Rethinking research and intervention approaches that aim at preventing HIV infection among youth, pp 73-80. Nairobi: The Regal Press Kenya Ltd and Social Science and Medicine Africa Network (SOMA-net).